Umar ibn al-Khattab

Who is Umar ibn al-Khattab?

Umar ibn al-Khattab al-Faruq is the second caliph of Islam and one of the greatest companions of the Prophet ﷺ. Renowned for his justice, strength, and fear of God, his caliphate (634-644 CE) saw the vast expansion of the Islamic state and the establishment of foundational systems of governance. He is the second of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and among the ten promised Paradise.

From Opponent to Champion

Umar was initially a fierce opponent of Islam. His conversion — moved by hearing verses of the Quran — was a turning point that strengthened the Muslims, who could now worship more openly. The Prophet ﷺ had supplicated: "O Allah, strengthen Islam with the dearer of the two Umars", and his prayer was answered through Umar.

The Just Caliph

Umar's rule became a model of justice and accountability. He established the Islamic (Hijri) calendar, organised the army and treasury (diwan), built public institutions, and was famous for walking the streets at night to check on his people. His humility and concern for the poor and oppressed are legendary.

His Virtues in the Hadith

• The Prophet ﷺ said: "Among the nations before you were people who were inspired (muhaddathun); if there is any such person in my nation, it is Umar" (Bukhari 3689)
• "I saw a palace in Paradise and was told it was for Umar" (Bukhari 3679)
• The Quran was at times revealed in agreement with Umar's opinion
• He is one of the ten promised Paradise

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is Umar called al-Faruq?

Because through him truth was distinguished and made manifest from falsehood; with his strength, the Muslims were able to practise their faith openly.

What systems did Umar establish?

He established the Hijri calendar, the diwan (state registry and stipends), organised provinces and judges, and set enduring precedents in administration and justice.